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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../howto/cluster_form/">Form a cluster</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../explanation/">Explanation</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-13" name="toctree-checkbox-13" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-13"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Explanation</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../explanation/lxd_lxc/"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../explanation/instances/">Containers and VMs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../image-handling/">Local and remote images</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../explanation/storage/">Storage pools, volumes, and buckets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../explanation/networks/">Networking setups</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/">The LXD Dqlite database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../explanation/lxc_show_info/"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">show</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">info</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../authentication/">Remote API authentication</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../explanation/authorization/">Remote API authorization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../explanation/projects/">Instances grouping with projects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../explanation/clusters/">Clusters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../explanation/performance_tuning/">Performance tuning</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/">Reference</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-14" name="toctree-checkbox-14" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-14"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Reference</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../requirements/">Requirements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../architectures/">Architectures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/remote_image_servers/">Remote image servers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/image_format/">Image format</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../guest-os-compatibility/">Guest OS compatibility</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../container-environment/">Container environment</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../config-options/">Configuration option index</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../server/">Server configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../explanation/instance_config/">Instance configuration</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-15" name="toctree-checkbox-15" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-15"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Instance configuration</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/instance_properties/">Instance properties</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/instance_options/">Instance options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/devices/">Devices</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-16" name="toctree-checkbox-16" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-16"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Devices</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/standard_devices/">Standard devices</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/devices_none/">Type: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">none</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/devices_nic/">Type: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nic</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/devices_disk/">Type: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">disk</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/devices_unix_char/">Type: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unix-char</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/devices_unix_block/">Type: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unix-block</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/devices_usb/">Type: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">usb</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/devices_gpu/">Type: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gpu</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/devices_infiniband/">Type: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">infiniband</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/devices_proxy/">Type: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">proxy</span></code></a></li>
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        <article role="main" id="furo-main-content">
          <section id="how-to-debug-lxd">
<h1>How to debug LXD<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-debug-lxd" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p>For information on debugging instance issues, see <a class="reference internal" href="../howto/instances_troubleshoot/#instances-troubleshoot"><span class="std std-ref">How to troubleshoot failing instances</span></a>.</p>
<section id="debugging-lxc-and-lxd">
<h2>Debugging <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#debugging-lxc-and-lxd" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Here are different ways to help troubleshooting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd</span></code> code.</p>
<section id="lxc-debug">
<h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">--debug</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#lxc-debug" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Adding <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--debug</span></code> flag to any client command will give extra information
about internals. If there is no useful info, it can be added with the
logging call:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>logger.Debugf(&quot;Hello: %s&quot;, &quot;Debug&quot;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="lxc-monitor">
<h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">monitor</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#lxc-monitor" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>This command will monitor messages as they appear on remote server.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="rest-api-through-local-socket">
<h2>REST API through local socket<a class="headerlink" href="#rest-api-through-local-socket" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>On server side the most easy way is to communicate with LXD through
local socket. This command accesses <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GET</span> <span class="pre">/1.0</span></code> and formats JSON into
human readable form using <a class="reference external" href="https://stedolan.github.io/jq/tutorial/">jq</a>
utility:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>curl<span class="w"> </span>--unix-socket<span class="w"> </span>/var/lib/lxd/unix.socket<span class="w"> </span>lxd/1.0<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>jq<span class="w"> </span>.
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>or for snap users:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>curl<span class="w"> </span>--unix-socket<span class="w"> </span>/var/snap/lxd/common/lxd/unix.socket<span class="w"> </span>lxd/1.0<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>jq<span class="w"> </span>.
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="../rest-api/"><span class="std std-doc">RESTful API</span></a> for available API.</p>
</section>
<section id="rest-api-through-https">
<h2>REST API through HTTPS<a class="headerlink" href="#rest-api-through-https" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../explanation/security/#security"><span class="std std-ref">HTTPS connection to LXD</span></a> requires valid
client certificate that is generated on first <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/manpages/lxc/remote/add/#lxc-remote-add-md"><span class="std std-ref"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">remote</span> <span class="pre">add</span></code></span></a>. This
certificate should be passed to connection tools for authentication
and encryption.</p>
<p>If desired, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">openssl</span></code> can be used to examine the certificate (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~/.config/lxc/client.crt</span></code>
or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~/snap/lxd/common/config/client.crt</span></code> for snap users):</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>openssl<span class="w"> </span>x509<span class="w"> </span>-text<span class="w"> </span>-noout<span class="w"> </span>-in<span class="w"> </span>client.crt
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Among the lines you should see:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>Certificate purposes:
SSL client : Yes
</pre></div>
</div>
<section id="with-command-line-tools">
<h3>With command line tools<a class="headerlink" href="#with-command-line-tools" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>wget<span class="w"> </span>--no-check-certificate<span class="w"> </span>--certificate<span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$HOME</span>/.config/lxc/client.crt<span class="w"> </span>--private-key<span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$HOME</span>/.config/lxc/client.key<span class="w"> </span>-qO<span class="w"> </span>-<span class="w"> </span>https://127.0.0.1:8443/1.0

<span class="c1"># or for snap users</span>
wget<span class="w"> </span>--no-check-certificate<span class="w"> </span>--certificate<span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$HOME</span>/snap/lxd/common/config/client.crt<span class="w"> </span>--private-key<span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$HOME</span>/snap/lxd/common/config/client.key<span class="w"> </span>-qO<span class="w"> </span>-<span class="w"> </span>https://127.0.0.1:8443/1.0
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="with-browser">
<h3>With browser<a class="headerlink" href="#with-browser" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Some browser plugins provide convenient interface to create, modify
and replay web requests. To authenticate against LXD server, convert
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span></code> client certificate into importable format and import it into
browser.</p>
<p>For example this produces <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">client.pfx</span></code> in Windows-compatible format:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>openssl<span class="w"> </span>pkcs12<span class="w"> </span>-clcerts<span class="w"> </span>-inkey<span class="w"> </span>client.key<span class="w"> </span>-in<span class="w"> </span>client.crt<span class="w"> </span>-export<span class="w"> </span>-out<span class="w"> </span>client.pfx
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>After that, opening <a class="reference external" href="https://127.0.0.1:8443/1.0"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">https://127.0.0.1:8443/1.0</span></code></a> should work as expected.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="debug-the-lxd-database">
<h2>Debug the LXD database<a class="headerlink" href="#debug-the-lxd-database" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>The files of the global <a class="reference internal" href="../database/#database"><span class="std std-ref">database</span></a> are stored under the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./database/global</span></code>
sub-directory of your LXD data directory (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/var/lib/lxd/database/global</span></code> or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/var/snap/lxd/common/lxd/database/global</span></code> for snap users).</p>
<p>Since each member of the cluster also needs to keep some data which is specific
to that member, LXD also uses a plain SQLite database (the “local” database),
which you can find in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./database/local.db</span></code>.</p>
<p>Backups of the global database directory and of the local database file are made
before upgrades, and are tagged with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.bak</span></code> suffix. You can use those if
you need to revert the state as it was before the upgrade.</p>
<section id="dumping-the-database-content-or-schema">
<h3>Dumping the database content or schema<a class="headerlink" href="#dumping-the-database-content-or-schema" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>If you want to get a SQL text dump of the content or the schema of the databases,
use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd</span> <span class="pre">sql</span> <span class="pre">&lt;local|global&gt;</span> <span class="pre">[.dump|.schema]</span></code> command, which produces the
equivalent output of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.dump</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.schema</span></code> directives of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlite3</span></code>
command line tool.</p>
</section>
<section id="running-custom-queries-from-the-console">
<h3>Running custom queries from the console<a class="headerlink" href="#running-custom-queries-from-the-console" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>If you need to perform SQL queries (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code>)
against the local or global database, you can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd</span> <span class="pre">sql</span></code> command (run
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd</span> <span class="pre">sql</span> <span class="pre">--help</span></code> for details).</p>
<p>You should only need to do that in order to recover from broken updates or bugs.
Please consult the LXD team first (creating a <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/canonical/lxd/issues/new">GitHub
issue</a> or
<a class="reference external" href="https://discourse.ubuntu.com/c/lxd/126">forum</a> post).</p>
</section>
<section id="running-custom-queries-at-lxd-daemon-startup">
<h3>Running custom queries at LXD daemon startup<a class="headerlink" href="#running-custom-queries-at-lxd-daemon-startup" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>In case the LXD daemon fails to start after an upgrade because of SQL data
migration bugs or similar problems, it’s possible to recover the situation by
creating <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.sql</span></code> files containing queries that repair the broken update.</p>
<p>To perform repairs against the local database, write a
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./database/patch.local.sql</span></code> file containing the relevant queries, and
similarly a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./database/patch.global.sql</span></code> for global database repairs.</p>
<p>Those files will be loaded very early in the daemon startup sequence and deleted
if the queries were successful (if they fail, no state will change as they are
run in a SQL transaction).</p>
<p>As above, please consult the LXD team first.</p>
</section>
<section id="syncing-the-cluster-database-to-disk">
<h3>Syncing the cluster database to disk<a class="headerlink" href="#syncing-the-cluster-database-to-disk" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>If you want to flush the content of the cluster database to disk, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd</span> <span class="pre">sql</span> <span class="pre">global</span> <span class="pre">.sync</span></code> command, that will write a plain SQLite database file into
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./database/global/db.bin</span></code>, which you can then inspect with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlite3</span></code>
command line tool.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="inspect-a-core-dump-file">
<h2>Inspect a core dump file<a class="headerlink" href="#inspect-a-core-dump-file" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>In our continuous integration tests, we have configured the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">core_pattern</span></code> as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>echo &#39;|/bin/sh -c $@ -- eval exec gzip --fast &gt; /var/crash/core-%e.%p.gz&#39; | sudo tee /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Additionally, we have set the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GOTRACEBACK</span></code> environment variable to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crash</span></code>.
Together, these ensure that when LXD crashes a core dump is compressed with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gzip</span></code> and placed in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/var/crash</span></code>.</p>
<p>To inspect a core dump file, you will need the LXD binary that was running at the time of the crash.
The binary must include symbols; you can check this with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">file</span></code> utility.
You will also need any C libraries that are used by LXD which must also include symbols.</p>
<p>You can inspect a core dump using <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/go-delve/delve">Delve</a> (see the <a class="reference external" href="https://go.dev/wiki/CoreDumpDebugging">Go Wiki</a> for more information), but this does not support any dynamically linked C libraries.
Instead, you can use <a class="reference external" href="https://sourceware.org/gdb/">GDB</a> which can inspect linked libraries and allows sourcing a file to load Golang support.</p>
<p>To do this, run:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>gdb &lt;LXD binary&gt; &lt;coredump file&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then in the GDB REPL, run:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>(gdb) source &lt;GOROOT&gt;/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Substituting in the actual path to your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$GOROOT</span></code>.
This will add Golang runtime support.</p>
<p>Finally, set the search path for C libraries using:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>(gdb) set solib-search-path &lt;path to C libraries&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can now use the GDB REPL to inspect the core dump.
Some useful commands are:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">backtrace</span></code> (print stack trace).</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">info</span> <span class="pre">goroutines</span></code> (show goroutines).</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">info</span> <span class="pre">threads</span></code> (show threads).</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thread</span> <span class="pre">&lt;thread_number&gt;</span></code> (change thread).</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">How to debug LXD</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#debugging-lxc-and-lxd">Debugging <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd</span></code></a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#lxc-debug"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">--debug</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#lxc-monitor"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">monitor</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rest-api-through-local-socket">REST API through local socket</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rest-api-through-https">REST API through HTTPS</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#with-command-line-tools">With command line tools</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#with-browser">With browser</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#debug-the-lxd-database">Debug the LXD database</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dumping-the-database-content-or-schema">Dumping the database content or schema</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-custom-queries-from-the-console">Running custom queries from the console</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-custom-queries-at-lxd-daemon-startup">Running custom queries at LXD daemon startup</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#syncing-the-cluster-database-to-disk">Syncing the cluster database to disk</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#inspect-a-core-dump-file">Inspect a core dump file</a></li>
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